What is the process by which seeds sprout and begin to grow?

The process by which seeds sprout and begin to grow is known as germination. During germination, seeds absorb water, swell, and eventually break through their seed coats, leading to the development of roots and shoots. This process requires specific conditions, including moisture, warmth, and sometimes light, depending on the type of seed. Germination marks the beginning of a plant's life cycle, allowing it to grow and develop into a mature plant that can produce flowers and fruits.

The other processes listed do not relate to the initial sprouting of seeds. Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen from male to female flower parts, which is essential for fertilization but occurs after germination has taken place. Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg cells in plants, leading to the formation of seeds but does not involve the actual sprouting of the seeds themselves. Hydration, while important for providing moisture to seeds, is not the name of the process of sprouting; it is one of the necessary conditions that facilitate germination.